• • • The Bates method is an aimed at improving. Eye-care physician, M.D. (1860–1931) attributed nearly all sight problems to strain of the eyes, and felt that were harmful and never necessary. Bates self-published a book,, as well as a magazine,, (and earlier collaborated with on a correspondence course) detailing his approach to helping people relax such 'strain', and thus, he claimed, improve their sight. Tvorcheskij otchyot vospitatelya obrazec. His techniques centered on visualization and movement. He placed particular emphasis on imagining letters and marks, and the movement of such.

He also felt that exposing the eyes to sunlight would help alleviate the 'strain'. Despite continued reports of successful results, including well-publicised support by, Bates' techniques have not been shown to improve eyesight. His main proposition—that the eyeball changes shape to maintain —has consistently been contradicted by observation.

In 1952, optometry professor wrote of Bates, 'Most of his claims and almost all of his theories have been considered false by practically all visual scientists.' Marg concluded that the Bates method owed its popularity largely to 'flashes of clear vision' experienced by many who followed it. Such occurrences have since been explained as a -like effect of moisture on the eye, or a flattening of the lens by the ciliary muscles. The Bates method has been criticized not only because there is no good evidence it works, but also because it can have negative consequences for those who attempt to follow it: they might damage their eyes through overexposure of their eyes to sunlight, put themselves and others at risk by not wearing their corrective lenses while driving, or neglect conventional eye care, possibly allowing serious conditions to develop. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Underlying concepts [ ] Accommodation [ ] is the process by which the eye increases to maintain on the while shifting its gaze to a closer point.

Performed in 'Ozhidanie polkovnika Shalygina' in 1981. Neveroyatnie priklyucheniya v gollivude igra 1998 full. Played Frank Screamger in 'Priklyucheniya printsa Florizelya' in 1979. Played Duke of Ephesus in 'Komediya oshibok' in 1978.

Comments Basic Ophthalmology, 9th by Richard A. Harper MD (Author, Editor) This concise text is an ideal complement to the medical student curriculum and It. Ophthalmology author american academy of ophthalmology richard a harper md editor, basic ophthalmology pdf izelz us.

The long-standing medical consensus is that this is accomplished by action of the, a muscle within the eye, which adjusts the curvature of the eye's. This explanation is based in the observed effect of temporarily preventing accommodation when applied to the ciliary muscle, as well as images reflected on the crystalline lens becoming smaller as the eye shifts focus to a closer point, indicating a change in the lens' shape.

Bates rejected this explanation, and in his 1920 book presented photographs that he said showed that the image remained the same size even as the eye shifted focus, concluding from this that the lens was not a factor in accommodation. However, optometrist Philip Pollack in a 1956 work characterized these photographs as 'so blurred that it is impossible to tell whether one image is larger than the other', in contrast to that clearly showed a change in the size of the reflected images, just as had been observed since the late nineteenth century. Bates adhered to a different explanation of accommodation that had already been generally disregarded by the medical community of his time. Bates' model had the controlling its focus. In addition to their known function of turning the eye, Bates maintained, they also affect its shape, elongating the eyeball to focus at the near-point or shortening it to focus at a distance.

Commenting on this hypothesis in an interview with, ophthalmologist Richard E. Bensinger stated 'When we put drops in the eye to dilate the pupil, they paralyze the focusing muscles. The evidence of the anatomical fallacy is that you can't focus, but your eye can move up and down, left and right. The notion that external muscles affect focusing is totally wrong.'

Science author writes that many animals, such as fishes, accommodate by elongation of the eyeball, 'it's just that humans aren't one of those animals.' Laboratory tests have shown that the human eyeball is far too rigid to spontaneously change shape to a degree that would be necessary to accomplish what Bates described. Exceedingly small changes in axial length of the eyeball (18.6–19.2 ) are caused by the action of the ciliary muscle during accommodation. However, these changes are far too small to account for the necessary changes in focus, producing changes of only −0.036. Causes of sight problems [ ] Medical professionals characterize such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and (the age-related blurring of near-point vision) as consequences of the eye's shape and other basic anatomy, which there is no evidence that any exercise can alter. Bates, however, believed that these conditions are caused by tension of the muscles surrounding the eyeball, which he believed prevents the eyeball from sufficiently changing shape (per his explanation of accommodation) when gaze is shifted nearer or farther. Bates characterized this supposed muscular tension as the consequence of a 'mental strain' to see, the relief of which he claimed would instantly improve sight.