At this stage, I was satisfied I now had a transducer+horn system which would resonate at the correct frequency. My next step was to built a driver circuit. I mentioned above that, at resonance, the ultrasonic transducer appears electrically like a series LC resonant circuit. In these known ultrasonic transducer driving circuits, there is provided a. The driving circuit including a phase lock loop, i.e. PLL 12 and a power amplifier 13.

We have developed a portable high power ultrasound system with a very low output impedance amplifier circuit (less than 0.3 Ω) that can transfer more than 90% of the energy from a battery supply to the ultrasound transducer. The system can deliver therapeutic acoustical energy waves at lower voltages than those in conventional ultrasound systems because energy losses owing to a mismatched impedance are eliminated. The system can produce acoustic power outputs over the therapeutic range (greater then 50 W) from a PZT-4, 1.54 MHz, and 0.75 in diameter piezoelectric ceramic. It is lightweight, portable, and powered by a rechargeable battery. The portable therapeutic ultrasound unit has the potential to replace “plug-in” medical systems and rf amplifiers used in research.

The system is capable of field service on its internal battery, making it especially useful for military, ambulatory, and remote medical applications. Driving circuit The circuit for the low-output-impedance driver is shown in Fig.

A pin driver (EL71581SZ, Intersil, Inc.) that is capable of driving high capacitive loads is supplied with a 5 V square wave TTL input at pin 3. The input timing signal comes from a 1.54 MHz crystal oscillator (SE1216-ND, Epson Toyocom, Inc.) that fits the ultrasound probe’s resonant frequency for maximum power transfer. Pins 1 and 8 are held at +12 V with 47 and 0.1 μF bypass capacitors to ground. Pin 2 is connected to pin 1 with a 10 kΩ resistor. Pins 4 through 6 are connected to earth ground. Pin 7 of the pin driver is the output that provides a 12 V square wave to regulate the switching of the metal-organic-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) voltage drain. Generator klyuchej arma 3 cheats.

From pin 7 of the pin driver a 2.2 Ω resistor splits off with two 0.1 μF coupling capacitors into the input pins 2 and 4 of the low on resistance N∕ P channel MOSFET (IRF7350, International Rectifier, Inc.). Pins 1 and 3 of the MOSFET are held at a maximum of −50 and +50 V, respectively, with 820 Ω resistors across pins 1–2 and 3–4.

A 47 μF and a 0.1 μF bypass capacitors to ground are applied as well to pins 1 and 3 of the MOSFET. Pins 5–6 and 7–8 of the MOSFET are tied together and coupled through 1 Ω, 5 W power resistors with the output drive signal applied to the ultrasound transducer through a standard BNC connector. Circuit schematic of the low output impedance ultrasound driver. A pin driver is appropriately timed with a TTL 5 V signal from a 1.54 MHz crystal oscillator that switches the drain of the low output impedance MOSFET from ±50 V maximum. The Intersil, Inc.

EL7158ISZ pin driver acts as the logic switch for the MOSFETs that supply the power oscillation drive to the ultrasound transducer. For high power continuous wave applications requiring high current, pin drivers are used to switch MOSFETs in parallel to lower the current burden on each MOSFET. As shown in Fig., a single timed pin driver at 5 V drives two pin drivers at 12 V as a branching cascade to switch four MOSFETs each for the portable high power ultrasound driving system. Each pin driver∕MOSFET unit is wired as shown in Fig. The output impedance of the driver was measured directly, and determined from manufacturer values of the MOSFETs, and eight 1 Ω parallel resistors to be almost entirely resistive and approximately 0.2–0.3 Ω. System design Figure shows a schematic of the complete system, and Fig. Is a photograph of the finished device.

Figure is divided into the battery supply and user control portion (left), TTL logic timing signal (middle yellow box), and parallel MOSFET ultrasound driving stage (right red box). The system is housed in a 4×6×2 in. 3 watertight plastic enclosure (No. 073, Serpac, Inc.). The housing holds the circuit (1.5×2×1 in.

3) and six 9.6 V, 1600 mA h NiCad rechargeable battery packs (No. 23–432, Radio Shack, Inc.) tied together in series through two single draw rotary switches.

The user can adjust power delivery to the transducer through the MOSFETs in 9.6 V increments over the range ±28.8 V. A blue “on” light-emitting diode (LED) is tied into the on∕off switch that supplies power to the crystal oscillator and pin driver through 5 and 12 V 1 A voltage regulators that also have bypass capacitors.

The output of the device is terminated in a male Bayonet Neill Concelman (BNC) connector on the front panel. A battery recharge port at the back of the system is wired to charge the six battery packs in series. To charge the system, the device is switched to the off position and the rotary switches are moved to a nonconnected terminal as labeled on the devices panel. Ultrasonic probe The ultrasound probe is constructed from PZT-4, 1.54 MHz, and 0.75 in diameter piezoelectric ceramic with a radius of curvature of 1.5 in (EBL Products, Inc.). The ceramic (air-backed) is housed in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ergonomic plastic assembly that was built in-house on a microlathe and milling system (Sherline Products, Inc.).